CSAM
CSAM is especially critical for multilayer PCBs, heavy copper designs, and high-power applications where thermal management is a priority. Manufacturers often apply copper thieving or copper balancing patterns to match copper surface distribution. This improves etching consistency, prevents over-etching or under-etching, and supports higher yield during mass production.
Dimension Inspection
Dimension Inspection is a critical quality control process in PCB manufacturing that ensures the board meets exact mechanical specifications such as length, width, thickness, hole positioning, and edge tolerances. Accurate dimensional verification is essential to guarantee proper fitment inside enclosures, connectors, and mechanical assemblies. Even minor dimensional deviations can cause misalignment during assembly, resulting in costly rework or product failure.
Functional Testing
Functional Testing is a critical stage in PCB assembly (PCBA) quality assurance that verifies whether the assembled board performs exactly as intended under real operating conditions. Unlike visual inspections such as AOI or X-ray, functional testing checks actual electrical behavior, ensuring that circuits, components, and connections work correctly as a complete system. This helps detect faults that may not be visible, such as incorrect component values, signal integrity issues, or firmware-related failures.
3D X-Ray
Inspect die bonds, BGAs and flip chips, Solder Bridges and voids insurface soldering.
Inspect Misalignment of bonding wires within an encapsulated component.
Inspect solder joints, positioning of wedge bonds as well as unpopulated, multilayer printed circuit boards.
Curve Tracer Testing
A curve tracer is a specialised piece of electronic test equipment used to analyze the characteristics of discrete electronic components
The curve tracer contains voltage and current sources that can be used to stimulate the device under test (DUT).
